Contents of AHRQ SDOH Database

The Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) database from AHRQ compiles SDOH-related variables across multiple domains from 87 sources including multiple federal and other data sources. The downloadable files contain a total of 675 variables available by year from 2009 through 2020. Data is available across three geography levels: all 675 variables are available by county level, 319 are available by ZIP code, and 321 variables are available by census tract.

These variables are organized into five main categories containing several topics each: social context (demographics, disability, immigration, living conditions), economic context (employment, income, poverty), education (attainment), physical infrastructure (environment, housing, internet, migration, transportation), and healthcare context (characteristics of facilities, characteristics of providers, distance to provider, health insurance status, health outcomes, health care quality, utilization and costs).

(a) This map displays the total population for each county in Ohio. Franklin county has the highest total population and Vinton county has the lowest.

(a) This map displays the total population for each zip code in Athens county. 45701 has the highest total population and 45740 has the lowest.

Figure 4: Median Household Income by County

Figure 5: Median Household Income by Zip Code

Figure 6: Athens County Median Household Income by Zip Code

Figure 7: Median Household Income by Census Tract

Figure 8: Athens County Median Household Income by Census Tract

SDOH Variables Available at the Census Tract Level

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PLACES Data

County Health Rankings Data

Figure 9: Percent of Adults with Diabetes

Figure 10: Diabetes Rates and Median Household Incomes in Ohio’s Counties

Figure 11: Diabetes Rates and Food Insecurity in Ohio’s Counties

Figure 12: Diabetes Rates and Physical Inactivity in Ohio’s Counties

Figure 13: Diabetes Rates and Obesity in Ohio’s Counties

Figure 14: Diabetes Rates and Fair Health in Ohio’s Counties

Figure 15: Diabetes Rates and Poor Health in Ohio’s Counties

Figure 16: Diabetes Rates and Physical Distress in Ohio’s Counties

Figure 17: Diabetes Rates and Poor Mental Health in Ohio’s Counties

Figure 18: Diabetes Rates and Mental Distress in Ohio’s Counties

Figure 19: Diabetes Rates and Poverty in Ohio’s Counties

Figure 20: Diabetes Rates and Poverty Ratio Under 1 in Ohio’s Counties

Figure 21: Diabetes Rates and Poverty Ratio Under 0.5 in Ohio’s Counties

Figure 22: Diabetes Rates and the Uninsured in Ohio’s Counties

Figure 23: Diabetes Rates and Number of FQHCs in Ohio’s Counties

Figure 24: Diabetes Rates and Number of Rural Health Clinics in Ohio’s Counties

Ohio Opportunity Index

The Ohio Opportunity Index (OOI) compiles over 34 variables measuring neighborhood conditions and opportunities, known to be associated with health and well-being, from a variety of domains into a single index score. This index score represents the degree of opportunity available at the Census tract level across Ohio (higher value means more opportunity) and can be used to assess overall neighborhood conditions, target interventions, and adjust evaluations for neighborhood-level risk. It can also be used to learn what types of factors are driving opportunity in specific Census tracts.

The OOI variables comprise seven key domains: transportation, education, employment, housing, health, access, and crime. Within each domain, several variables that met validity criteria and were available to cover the entire state at a census tract level were identified.

Construction of the OOI consisted of the following broad steps: 1. Operationalize each measure from original, “raw” data 2. Summarize the measure for each Ohio census tract as a rate, count, or level 3. Standardize each variable, as needed, to yield consistency across measures and domains 4. Synthesize the measures in each domain to create a “domain score” 5. Create an overall Opportunity Index Score by using factor analysis methods to weight the contribution of each domain

Regression methods were used to validate the OOI by testing the association between the OOI domain scores and five health outcomes:

Pre-term birth
Child severe mental illness
Youth asthma
Life expectancy
All-cause age-adjusted mortality

Ohio Transportation Index by Census Tract

Ohio Children’s Opportunity Index

The Ohio Children’s Opportunity Index (OOI) compiles over 54 variables measuring neighborhood conditions and opportunities, known to be associated with health and well-being, from a variety of domains into a single index score. This index score represents the degree of opportunity available at the Census tract level across Ohio (higher value means more opportunity) and can be used to assess overall neighborhood conditions, target interventions, and adjust evaluations for neighborhood-level risk. It can also be used to learn what types of factors are driving opportunity in specific Census tracts.

The OCOI variables comprise eight key domains: access, children health, criminal justice, education, environment, family stability, housing, and infant health. Within each domain, several variables that met inclusion criteria and were available to cover the entire state at a census tract level were identified.

Construction of the OCOI consisted of the following broad steps: 1. Operationalize each measure from original, “raw” data 2. Summarize the measure for each Ohio census tract as a rate, count, or level 3. Standardize each variable, as needed, to yield consistency across measures and domains 4. Synthesize the measures in each domain to create a “domain score” 5. Create an overall Children’s Opportunity Index Score as the unweighted mean of the 8 domain scores

A time varying version of the OCOI (spanning the two periods ending in 2014 and 2017) was created that incorporates 37 of the 53 variables within the same 8 domains.

The OCOI was validated by testing the association of the OCOI and the domain scores with five health outcomes:

Pre-term birth
Child severe mental illness
Youth asthma
Life expectancy
All-cause age-adjusted mortality

Ohio Children’s Opportunity Index by Census Tract

Ohio Chilren’s Family Stability Index by Census Tract

Ohio Infant Health Index by Census Tract

Ohio Children’s Health Index by Census Tract

Ohio Children’s Housing Index by Census Tract

Ohio Children’s Access Index by Census Tract

Ohio Children’s Education Index by Census Tract

Ohio Children’s Environment Index by Census Tract

Ohio Children’s Crime Index by Census Tract